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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hohmann-Transfer</span></h1>
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<p>Der <b>Hohmann-Transfer</b> ist ein energetisch günstiger Übergang zwischen zwei Bahnen um einen dominierenden <a href="Himmelsk%C3%B6rper" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmelskörper">Himmelskörper</a>. Die Transfer-<a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a> (<b>Hohmann-Bahn</b>) verläuft sowohl zur Ausgangsbahn als auch zur Zielbahn tangential; dort ist jeweils ein <a href="Kraftsto%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraftstoß">Kraftstoß</a> nötig, um die Geschwindigkeit anzupassen. Eine solche Skizze findet sich bereits um 1911 bei <a href="Konstantin_Eduardowitsch_Ziolkowski" title="Konstantin Eduardowitsch Ziolkowski">Ziolkowski</a>. 1925 wurde dieser Transfer von <a href="Walter_Hohmann" title="Walter Hohmann">Walter Hohmann</a> als optimal angesehen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Für <a href="Koplanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Koplanar">koplanare</a>, kreisförmige Ausgangs- und Zielbahnen mit einem Radiusverhältnis unter 11,94 ist er das auch, für extremere Verhältnisse und stark gegeneinander geneigte oder gar gegenläufige Bahnen ist ein <a href="Bi-elliptischer_Transfer" title="Bi-elliptischer Transfer">bi-elliptischer Transfer</a> energetisch günstiger.
</p><p>Den idealisierenden Voraussetzungen nahe kommt die Aufgabe, Satelliten aus einer <a href="Low_Earth_Orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Earth Orbit">erdnahen</a> in eine <a href="Geostation%C3%A4re_Umlaufbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationäre Umlaufbahn">geostationäre Umlaufbahn</a> zu bringen, siehe <a href="Geostation%C3%A4re_Transferbahn" title="Geostationäre Transferbahn">geostationäre Transferbahn</a>. Für Flüge zum Mond oder benachbarten Planeten ist die <a href="Zentralfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentralfeld">Zentralfeld</a>-Näherung weniger gut – mit <a href="Swing-by" title="Swing-by">Swing-by</a>-Manövern und zeitraubenden Umwegen<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lässt sich gegenüber dem <a href="Gleichung#Analytische_Lösung" title="Gleichung">analytisch</a> gefundenen Hohmann-Transfer Treibstoff sparen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Berechnung_am_Beispiel_des_Transfers_auf_die_geostationäre_Bahn"><span id="Berechnung_am_Beispiel_des_Transfers_auf_die_geostation.C3.A4re_Bahn"></span>Berechnung am Beispiel des Transfers auf die geostationäre Bahn</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Geostation%C3%A4re_Transferbahn" title="Geostationäre Transferbahn">Geostationäre Transferbahn</a></i></div>
<p>Um Satelliten <a href="Satellitenorbit#Geostationärer_Orbit_(GEO)" title="Satellitenorbit">geostationär</a> zu positionieren, werden diese oft zunächst auf eine kreisförmige, niedrige Umlaufbahn gebracht, <a href="Low_Earth_Orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Earth Orbit"><span lang="en"><i>Low Earth Orbit</i></span> (LEO)</a>, siehe (1) in der Grafik. Ein erster Kraftstoß (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
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</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7e7245f638006ef2c509dda92a0dc809ddf69a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}}" loading="lazy"></span>) bringt den Satelliten auf die <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">elliptische</a> Hohmann-Bahn (2), deren <a href="Apog%C3%A4um" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogäum">Apogäum</a> im Bereich des Zielorbits (3) liegt. Dort erhöht ein weiterer Kraftstoß (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1104a4c8674194855362edc07558a0206abe9bbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.165ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span>) auch das <a href="Perig%C3%A4um" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigäum">Perigäum</a> der Bahn, die damit wieder kreisförmig ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geschwindigkeiten">Geschwindigkeiten</h3></div>
<p>Nach der <a href="Vis-Viva-Gleichung" title="Vis-Viva-Gleichung">Vis-Viva-Gleichung</a> beträgt die Geschwindigkeit <i>v(r)</i> eines Körpers am Ort <i>r</i> auf einer Ellipsenbahn mit der großen Halbachse <i>a</i> um die Erde:
</p>
<dl><dd>(1) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\mu \cdot \left({\frac {2}{r}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\mu \cdot \left({\frac {2}{r}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5abb4b38271b1c7648c7a69edb1bc28f8102cc75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:19.957ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v={\sqrt {\mu \cdot \left({\frac {2}{r}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =(m+M)\cdot \gamma \approx M\cdot \gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =(m+M)\cdot \gamma \approx M\cdot \gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b7b8d68a1257bcbedf49a632f1e277c0b8cf85a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.056ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =(m+M)\cdot \gamma \approx M\cdot \gamma }" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> die Satellitenmasse, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> die Erdmasse und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Gravitationskonstante" title="Gravitationskonstante">Gravitationskonstante</a> sind. Bezeichnen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {e} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {e} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1911722bead243e2ac8f84a7ab881d968e6a9a59.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.011ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {e} }}" loading="lazy"></span> den Perigäums- bzw. LEO-Radius, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {a} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {a} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d317f69578a41635f52d0cd486d520bb1bacb5a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {a} }}" loading="lazy"></span> den Apogäums- bzw. GEO-Radius und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\frac {r_{\mathrm {e} }+r_{\mathrm {a} }}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\frac {r_{\mathrm {e} }+r_{\mathrm {a} }}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3cefd0ed8f55e2059bd7678e9b4feda7efc946b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:12.119ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\frac {r_{\mathrm {e} }+r_{\mathrm {a} }}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die große Halbachse der Transferellipse, so gelten für die Ausgangsgeschwindigkeit v<sub>LEO</sub>, Perigäumsgeschwindigkeit v<sub>e</sub>, Apogäumsgeschwindigkeit v<sub>a</sub> sowie Endgeschwindigkeit v<sub>GEO</sub> die folgenden Gleichungen:
</p>
<dl><dd>(2) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {LEO} }={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{\mathrm {e} }}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {LEO} }={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{\mathrm {e} }}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4eb9ca8c11de681859bc4b3e51d2f0a635c14051.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:13.054ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {LEO} }={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{\mathrm {e} }}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>(3) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {e} }={\sqrt {\mu \cdot \left({\frac {2}{r_{e}}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}>v_{\mathrm {LEO} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {e} }={\sqrt {\mu \cdot \left({\frac {2}{r_{e}}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}>v_{\mathrm {LEO} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d3b764c668b6597b2a79162fdb1d073e6be41eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:29.687ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {e} }={\sqrt {\mu \cdot \left({\frac {2}{r_{e}}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}>v_{\mathrm {LEO} }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>(4) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {a} }={\sqrt {\mu \cdot \left({\frac {2}{r_{a}}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}<v_{\mathrm {GEO} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo><</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {a} }={\sqrt {\mu \cdot \left({\frac {2}{r_{a}}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}<v_{\mathrm {GEO} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/316bb31ddd390f36f8b64f10c2f8b286753407bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:30.145ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {a} }={\sqrt {\mu \cdot \left({\frac {2}{r_{a}}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}}<v_{\mathrm {GEO} }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>(5) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {GEO} }={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{\mathrm {a} }}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {GEO} }={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{\mathrm {a} }}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a52648b0488963d280eda6aa41ec4effae4df53b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:13.409ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {GEO} }={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{r_{\mathrm {a} }}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zahlen">Zahlen</h3></div>
<p>Folgende Werte seien gegeben:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {LEO} }=r_{\mathrm {e} }=6.678\,\mathrm {km} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>6.678</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {LEO} }=r_{\mathrm {e} }=6.678\,\mathrm {km} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d223ad3fbc8febaf8b99b569ab10838236b58cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.761ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {LEO} }=r_{\mathrm {e} }=6.678\,\mathrm {km} }" loading="lazy"></span>
<dl><dd><i>gemessen vom Erdmittelpunkt bei einer Anfangsflughöhe von 300 km</i></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {a} }=r_{\mathrm {GEO} }=42.164\,\mathrm {km} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>42.164</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {a} }=r_{\mathrm {GEO} }=42.164\,\mathrm {km} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46af90d3dfab4879fe3530f33829e8feb6f6c4a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.278ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {a} }=r_{\mathrm {GEO} }=42.164\,\mathrm {km} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =398.600\,\mathrm {km} ^{3}/\mathrm {s} ^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>398.600</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =398.600\,\mathrm {km} ^{3}/\mathrm {s} ^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cdb2c37b5cdec3e0bf0e9489c2e3c02b53050ab3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.859ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =398.600\,\mathrm {km} ^{3}/\mathrm {s} ^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dann betragen die gemäß obigen Gleichungen berechneten Bahngeschwindigkeiten:
</p>
<dl><dd>(6) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {LEO} }=7{,}73\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>7</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>73</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {LEO} }=7{,}73\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d9a7dbb86c0b29482912aa90662fdd4b81c595e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.647ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {LEO} }=7{,}73\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>(7) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {e} }=10{,}15\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>15</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {e} }=10{,}15\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26d7209dc15c6cc39bc2933c2feec45fc5892577.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.114ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {e} }=10{,}15\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>(8) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {a} }=1{,}6\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>6</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {a} }=1{,}6\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d25b9b5b5ce65936e3e3b95990a263bdd1afaa59.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.881ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {a} }=1{,}6\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>(9) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {GEO} }=3{,}07\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>07</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {GEO} }=3{,}07\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0091383d125290e0e28f2312342b34887806ac67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.91ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {GEO} }=3{,}07\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Daraus ergeben sich die beiden benötigten Geschwindigkeitsänderungen.
</p>
<dl><dd>Für den Übergang vom LEO zur Transferellipse: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}=v_{\mathrm {e} }-v_{\mathrm {LEO} }=2{,}47\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>47</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}=v_{\mathrm {e} }-v_{\mathrm {LEO} }=2{,}47\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f014e11c2d01781aa1acaa858e2dbacf5ec9e9bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.737ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}=v_{\mathrm {e} }-v_{\mathrm {LEO} }=2{,}47\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>Für den Übergang von der Transferellipse zum GEO: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}=v_{\mathrm {GEO} }-v_{\mathrm {a} }=1{,}46\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">E</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>46</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}=v_{\mathrm {GEO} }-v_{\mathrm {a} }=1{,}46\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/35fe201e54220b9fdb5eaf6e2a0bb2fd147fcaa7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.196ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}=v_{\mathrm {GEO} }-v_{\mathrm {a} }=1{,}46\,\mathrm {km} /\mathrm {s} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energieaufwand_in_Abhängigkeit_vom_Radiusverhältnis"><span id="Energieaufwand_in_Abh.C3.A4ngigkeit_vom_Radiusverh.C3.A4ltnis"></span>Energieaufwand in Abhängigkeit vom Radiusverhältnis</h2></div>
<p>Die Ellipse des Hohmann-Transfers wird durch die <a href="Kosmische_Geschwindigkeiten#Erste_kosmische_Geschwindigkeit_oder_Kreisbahngeschwindigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmische Geschwindigkeiten">Geschwindigkeiten der Ausgangs- und Zielkreisbahn</a> beschrieben. Um von einer Ausgangskreisbahn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{e}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{e}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c652979f43cb2855b9a028560d7e228aa2f9bb1d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.047ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{e}}" loading="lazy"></span> in die Ellipse überzugehen sowie am Ziel wieder in eine Kreisbahn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da5f0781a46ba20129a554237056b6ade78b956f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.151ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu gelangen, sind zwei <a href="Impuls" title="Impuls">Impulsstöße</a> bzw. zwei <a href="Delta_v" title="Delta v">Geschwindigkeitsänderungen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7e7245f638006ef2c509dda92a0dc809ddf69a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.062ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1104a4c8674194855362edc07558a0206abe9bbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.165ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> notwendig. Zur Betrachtung des benötigten Energieaufwandes kann dann auch noch die gesamte Differenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {v}=\Delta {v}_{a}+\Delta {v}_{e}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {v}=\Delta {v}_{a}+\Delta {v}_{e}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25a985595136993d6f65d4de3e09b6a6ae3adf9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.23ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {v}=\Delta {v}_{a}+\Delta {v}_{e}}" loading="lazy"></span> betrachtet werden. Die Transferellipse ist durch die <a href="Halbachsen_der_Ellipse" title="Halbachsen der Ellipse">Halbachse</a>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {r_{a}+r_{e}}{2}}{\text{ mit }}r_{a}>r_{e}>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> mit </mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {r_{a}+r_{e}}{2}}{\text{ mit }}r_{a}>r_{e}>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6edf636132673bcc437fb548624e5e4055d13654.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:24.08ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {r_{a}+r_{e}}{2}}{\text{ mit }}r_{a}>r_{e}>0}" loading="lazy"></span>
beschrieben.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}=v_{e}\left({\sqrt {\frac {2r_{a}}{r_{e}+r_{a}}}}-1\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}=v_{e}\left({\sqrt {\frac {2r_{a}}{r_{e}+r_{a}}}}-1\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a54ba79ccd68c6aa20b2f8280d10537a5dbb0fff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:27.555ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{e}=v_{e}\left({\sqrt {\frac {2r_{a}}{r_{e}+r_{a}}}}-1\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}=v_{a}\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {2r_{e}}{r_{a}+r_{e}}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}=v_{a}\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {2r_{e}}{r_{a}+r_{e}}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4008c2e7ff94f832a23ed76f168c4a83643ad15a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:27.762ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{a}=v_{a}\left(1-{\sqrt {\frac {2r_{e}}{r_{a}+r_{e}}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Zur weiteren Diskussion ist es zweckmäßig, die <a href="Dimensionslose_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Dimensionslose Größe">dimensionslose Größe</a>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta {v}}{v_{e}}}={\frac {\Delta {v}_{e}}{v_{e}}}+{\frac {\Delta {v}_{a}}{v_{e}}}={\frac {\Delta {v}_{e}}{v_{e}}}+{\sqrt {\frac {r_{e}}{r_{a}}}}{\frac {\Delta {v}_{a}}{v_{a}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
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<msub>
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</mfrac>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
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</msub>
</mfrac>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta {v}}{v_{e}}}={\frac {\Delta {v}_{e}}{v_{e}}}+{\frac {\Delta {v}_{a}}{v_{e}}}={\frac {\Delta {v}_{e}}{v_{e}}}+{\sqrt {\frac {r_{e}}{r_{a}}}}{\frac {\Delta {v}_{a}}{v_{a}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2101b31a9a912a640acb271a4642024f82c6f89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:40.887ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta {v}}{v_{e}}}={\frac {\Delta {v}_{e}}{v_{e}}}+{\frac {\Delta {v}_{a}}{v_{e}}}={\frac {\Delta {v}_{e}}{v_{e}}}+{\sqrt {\frac {r_{e}}{r_{a}}}}{\frac {\Delta {v}_{a}}{v_{a}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
zu betrachten. Mit der Hilfsgröße <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R={\frac {r_{a}}{r_{e}}}>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R={\frac {r_{a}}{r_{e}}}>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db504f7ce9b7ecadbca5bbb5fc82422c6a9a804d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.11ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R={\frac {r_{a}}{r_{e}}}>0}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich dann:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta {v}}{v_{e}}}=\left(1-{\frac {1}{R}}\right)\left({\frac {2R}{1+R}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}+\left({\frac {1}{R}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
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</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
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<mi>e</mi>
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</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
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<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>R</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>R</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta {v}}{v_{e}}}=\left(1-{\frac {1}{R}}\right)\left({\frac {2R}{1+R}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}+\left({\frac {1}{R}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae0a81cb91eed1adc744a8ce911baff4fc2fe628.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:43.77ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta {v}}{v_{e}}}=\left(1-{\frac {1}{R}}\right)\left({\frac {2R}{1+R}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}+\left({\frac {1}{R}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}-1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wann sich der Hohmann-Transfer als brauchbar erweist, lässt sich durch genauere Diskussion der Geschwindigkeitsänderung ermitteln. Durch Ableitung und Gleichsetzung mit Null kann ein <a href="Extremwert" title="Extremwert">Extremwert</a> der vorgenannten <a href="Mathematische_Formel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematische Formel">Formel</a> ermittelt werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d(\Delta {v}/v_{e})}{dR}}={\frac {1}{R^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2R}{1+R}}\right]^{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {R-1}{R(1+R)^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2R}{1+R}}\right]^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}-{\frac {1}{2R^{\frac {3}{2}}}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi>v</mi>
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<mi>e</mi>
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<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
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</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<msup>
<mrow>
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<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>]</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>3</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d(\Delta {v}/v_{e})}{dR}}={\frac {1}{R^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2R}{1+R}}\right]^{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {R-1}{R(1+R)^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2R}{1+R}}\right]^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}-{\frac {1}{2R^{\frac {3}{2}}}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c363d10a5f397199bcc0c80c67253f722e3f266c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:66.503ex; height:8.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d(\Delta {v}/v_{e})}{dR}}={\frac {1}{R^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2R}{1+R}}\right]^{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {R-1}{R(1+R)^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2R}{1+R}}\right]^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}-{\frac {1}{2R^{\frac {3}{2}}}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow R^{3}-15R^{2}-9R-1=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<msup>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow R^{3}-15R^{2}-9R-1=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b17b84981fbefe9b0b6bd0bfdcfe2d8453f1dcd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:27.801ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow R^{3}-15R^{2}-9R-1=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die einzige sinnvolle Lösung ergibt sich für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R=15{,}582}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>15,582</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R=15{,}582}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2553522fe388aa1df4dd562cecc496b275cccd75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.322ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R=15{,}582}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Das Verhältnis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{a}/r_{e}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{a}/r_{e}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26a4122a866023963becd817260eedd113723c9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.36ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{a}/r_{e}}" loading="lazy"></span> für ein Maximum
ist also durch den Zusammenhang:
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{e}\cdot 15{,}582=r_{a}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>15,582</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{e}\cdot 15{,}582=r_{a}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd93dd77dbd505b1301534760b6876467a2a5c34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.434ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{e}\cdot 15{,}582=r_{a}}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben. Weiter ist die Ableitung für jedes
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R>15{,}582}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>15,582</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R>15{,}582}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/449d9637a1ea14d4f9373b172715f1cece3400c0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.322ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R>15{,}582}" loading="lazy"></span>
<a href="Streng_monoton_wachsende_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Streng monoton wachsende Funktion">streng monoton steigend</a>. D. h., dass sich für jedes größere Verhältnis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{a}/r_{e}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{a}/r_{e}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26a4122a866023963becd817260eedd113723c9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.36ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{a}/r_{e}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Energieaufwand wieder verringert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel">Beispiel</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transferbahn_zum_Mars">Transferbahn zum Mars</h3></div>
<p>Der Mars ist der Erde in <a href="Opposition_(Astronomie)" title="Opposition (Astronomie)">Oppositionsstellung</a> am nächsten. Ein <a href="Raumschiff" title="Raumschiff">Raumschiff</a> oder eine <a href="Raumsonde" title="Raumsonde">Raumsonde</a> kann diese geometrische Nähe aber nur unter hohem Aufwand nutzen, da in diesem Fall gegen die Bahnbewegung der Erde angeflogen werden müsste.
</p><p>Nach Hohmann dagegen ist der energetisch günstigste Transfer derjenige, bei dem das Raumfahrzeug den Mars in <a href="Konjunktion_(Astronomie)" title="Konjunktion (Astronomie)">Konjunktion</a> zu der Position der Erde erreicht, von der aus es gestartet ist. In der Abbildung links umkreist das Raumfahrzeug zunächst die Erde (blaue Umlaufbahn 1), wechselt dann am in der Abbildung unteren Schnittpunkt (von 1 mit 2) durch einen Schubimpuls zum Transfer via der elliptischen Hohmann-Bahn (gelbe Transferbahn 2), bis sie am in der Abbildung oberen Schnittpunkt (von 2 mit 3) den Mars erreicht, um durch einen weiteren Schubimpuls nun diesen zu umkreisen (rote Umlaufbahn 3). Dabei grenzt die Transferellipse in den beiden Positionen auf der Hauptachse jeweils tangential an die Umlaufbahn der Erde bzw. an die vom Mars und die Sonne steht in einem ihrer Brennpunkte. Daher ist die doppelte <a href="Gro%C3%9Fe_Halbachse" class="mw-redirect" title="Große Halbachse">große Halbachse</a> der Transferellipse die Summe der Entfernungen von der Erde zur Sonne und von der Sonne zum Mars. Daraus ergibt sich nach dem dritten <a href="Keplersche_Gesetze" title="Keplersche Gesetze">Keplerschen Gesetz</a> eine halbe Umlaufzeit von achteinhalb Monaten.
</p>
<p>Das Bild rechts zeigt die Transferbahn des <a href="Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiters</a>, die zwar einen höheren Energieaufwand als die Hohmann-Bahn erfordert (die Übergangsbahn führt über die Marsbahn hinaus), dafür dauert die Reisezeit allerdings nur sieben Monate.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weak_Stability_Boundary">Weak Stability Boundary</h2></div>
<p>Soll der Zielplanet mit einer möglichst geringen Geschwindigkeit angeflogen werden, bietet das sogenannte <i>Weak-Stability-Boundary</i>-Verfahren einen weiteren Energiegewinn. Die Sonde wird abgebremst, indem
sie entlang von <a href="Librationspunkt" class="mw-redirect" title="Librationspunkt">Librationspunkten</a> manövriert wird. Eine erste brauchbare Bahnberechnung erfolgte 1986. Die ESA-Sonde <a href="SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> näherte sich nach dieser Methode dem Mond.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Hillsche_Gleichungen" title="Hillsche Gleichungen">Hillsche Gleichungen</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Ernst Messerschmid, Stefanos Fasoulas: <cite style="font-style:italic">Raumfahrtsysteme: Eine Einführung mit Übungen und Lösungen</cite>. Hrsg.: Springer Vieweg. 5. Auflage. 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-49637-4, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>123<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Hohmann-Transfer&rft.au=Ernst+Messerschmid%2C+Stefanos+Fasoulas&rft.btitle=Raumfahrtsysteme%3A+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+mit+%C3%9Cbungen+und+L%C3%B6sungen&rft.date=2017&rft.edition=5&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783662496374&rft.pages=123+ff." style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<ul><li>Pedro Ramon Escobal: <cite style="font-style:italic">Methods of astrodynamics</cite>. John Wiley & Sons, 1969, ISBN 978-0-471-24528-5.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Hohmann-Transfer&rft.au=Pedro+Ramon+Escobal&rft.btitle=Methods+of+astrodynamics&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780471245285&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Palmore: <cite style="font-style:italic">An Elementary Proof of the Optimality of Hohmann Transfer</cite>. Journal of Guidance, 1984.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Hohmann-Transfer&rft.au=Palmore&rft.btitle=An+Elementary+Proof+of+the+Optimality+of+Hohmann+Transfer&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Journal+of+Guidance" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Chapter: 8.3 <i>Hohmann Transfer.</i> In: Ulrich Walter: <i>Astronautics: The Physics of Space Flight</i>, Third Edition, Springer, ISBN 978-3-319-74372-1, S. 313–325</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/doc/ARI/ARI%20Study%20Report/ACT-RPT-MAD-ARI-03-4103b-InterplanetaryHighways-Milano.pdf">Assessment of Mission Design Including Utilization of Libration Points and Weak Stability Boundaries</a> (PDF; 9,3 MB)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leifiphysik.de/astronomie/planetensystem/grundwissen/bahnen-im-gravitationsfeld">Herleitung der Formel für die Bahngeschwindigkeit <i>v</i> eines sich in einem Kraftfeld auf elliptischer Bahn bewegenden Körpers</a> (<a href="LEIFI" class="mw-redirect" title="LEIFI">LEIFI</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf4-1.php">Interplanetary Trajectories-Hohmann Transfer Orbits</a>, jpl.nasa.gov, abgerufen am 4. November 2011</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Hohmann: <i>Die Erreichbarkeit der Himmelskörper – Untersuchungen über das Raumfahrtproblem.</i> Oldenbourg, München 1925</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shane D. Ross: <i>The Interplanetary Transport Network</i>, American Scientist 94, 2006, S. 230–237, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511/2006.3.230">10.1511/2006.3.230</a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334410936_The_Interplanetary_Transport_Network">online</a>.</span>
</li>
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